Supply Chain Management of Square Pharmaceutical

Supply chain management (SCM) is the oversight of materials, information, and finances as they move in a process from supplier to manufacturer to wholesaler to retailer to consumer. Supply chain management involves coordinating and integrating these flows both within and among companies. It is said that the ultimate goal of any effective supply chain management system is to reduce inventory and Communication is the transmission of information from one group or individual to nother.Business communication is very essential now days to make contacts with people and for trading. Whenever a business wants to make a good business proposal or introduce a new concept, communication plays a very big role. Communication also helps in the conveying of message among the different employees or customers of the organization. Communication helps to direct employees to attain their goals without any misunderstanding or confusion. This paper discusses the different roles of supply chain management, d ifferent role & ways of supply chain management .The studye also tried to find out what is the roblem and shortage of SQUARE's supply chain management system to improve themselves. Keywords: Supply chain, Operations process, Distribution policy, communication process, Forecasting, Planning *Economic Editor, Daily Ittefaq and Adjunct Faculty, Atish Dipankar university of Science and Technology Introduction goal of any effective supply chain management system is to reduce inventory (with the assumption that products are available when needed).As a solution for successful supply chain management, sophisticated software systems with Web interfaces are competing with Web-based application service providers (ASP) who romise to provide part or all of the SCM service for companies who rent their service. flow The information flow The finances flow SQUARE today is a name considering Pharmaceutical world, as well as synonym of quality- be it toiletries, health products, textiles, Agro Vet pro ducts, information technology and few more.But in the year 1958 ,the company was originally started with Pharmaceuticals. Now that small company of 1958 is a publicly listed diversified group of companies employing more than 12,000 people. The current yearly group turnover is more than 300 million USD. All these were possible due to Samson H Chowdhurys innovative ideas, tireless efforts, perseverance and dedication with self confidence which contributed to his successful achievements.The product flow includes the movement of goods from a supplier to a customer, as well as any customer returns or service needs. The information flow involves transmitting orders and updating the status of delivery. The financial flow consists of credit terms, payment schedules, and consignment and title ownership arrangements. There are two main types of SCM software: planning applications and execution applications. Planning applications use advanced algorithms to determine he best way to fill an orde r.Execution applications track the physical status of goods, the management of materials, and financial information involving all parties. Some SCM applications are based on open data models that support the sharing of data both inside and outside the enterprise (this is called the extended enterprise, and includes key suppliers, manufacturers, and end customers of a specific company). This shared data may reside in diverse database systems, or data warehouses, at several different sites and companies.By sharing this data â€Å"upstream† (with a company's suppliers) and â€Å"downstream† (with a company's lients), SCM applications have the potential to improve the time-to-market of 2 products, reduce costs, and allow all parties in the supply chain to better manage current resources and plan for future needs. Increasing numbers of companies are turning to Web sites and Web-based applications as part of the SCM solution.A number of major Web sites offer EProcurement mar ketplaces where manufacturers can trade and even make auction bids with suppliers. Basic research question of the study is whether Square Company as a whole can manage supply chain properly? Definition Of Communication Or Sharing Information A modern communications system is first concerned with the storing, processing and sometimes storing of information before its transmission.The actual transmission then follows, with further processing and the filtering of noise. (KENNEDY, 1998) Communication must include both the transference and understanding of meaning. (ROBBINS, 2003). Communication is the transmission of information and meaning from one individual group to another. (GUFFY, 2000). the receiver is decoding the idea or concept. Therefore without feedback no communication will happen or exist. (HUSSAIN, 2005) We said communication is â€Å"how we share any information with others†.So, we can define communication as a transfer of meaningful message to the receiver with th e hope to receive a feedback. AN overview Of SUPPLY CHAIN MANAGEMENT Supply Chain Management as a concept has been widely accredited to a Booz Allen consultant named Keith Oliver who in 1982 defined the concept as follows: â€Å"Supply chain management (SCM) is the process of planning, implementing, and controlling the operations of the supply chain with the purpose to satisfy customer requirements as efficiently as possible.Supply chain management spans all ovement and storage of raw materials, work-in-process inventory, and finished goods from point-of-origin to point-of-consumption†. This seems to be the earliest published definition and therefore places the concept of Supply Chain Management at approximately 26 years old. We can see that â€Å"Supply Chain† without the â€Å"Management† is referenced in the definition, so we know that the general idea of a supply flow through a business was recognized prior to Olivers definition.What Oliver really captured w as the conscious and deliberate control, integration, and management of the business functions contributing to, and affecting that supply flow hrough the business, for the purpose of improving performance, costs, flexibility etc, and for the ultimate benefit of the end customer. 3 The concept has been defined in simpler terms since that time and is often captured with five words: Plan, Source, Make, Deliver, and Return.Both of these definitions allude to a manufacturing origin but of course Supply Chain Management is as relevant to service, retail, distribution, and most other types of companies as it is to manufacturing. The area of Supply Chain Management has enjoyed a meteoric rise in significance over the last twenty to thirty years as businesses have tried to establish dvantage, and felt the pressure to keep up, in an increasingly homogeneous and competitive global business environment. Japanese manufacturing companies brought great emphasis to the area of Supply Chain Manageme nt in the 1980's and early 1990's.Awareness of Supply Chain Management tools such as â€Å"Just In Time† and â€Å"Kan Ban† spread rapidly and became globally accepted best practice amongst volume manufacturing businesses. Western businesses raced to keep pace with a rapidly changing environment, dragging their supply bases, and sometimes employees behind them. At the same time companies like SAP and Oracle were eveloping the complex IT systems that would be essential for enabling large complex businesses to effectively integrate and managing the sub areas that combined to make complex supply chains.Of course the elements of Supply Chain Management have always existed in business. What changed was the willingness of businesses to recognize the inter- coordination and integration, both from a strategy / planning perspective and operationally. The sub areas comprising a supply chain include: Forecasting/Planning Purchasing/Procurement Logistics Operations Inventory Manag ement Transport Warehousing Distribution Customer Service Today, Supply Chain Management is an accepted term in our business glossary. However, it is difficult to find a standard model of Supply Chain Management operating in the business community.We continue to see variations on the theme. Some business will refer to and manage their supply chains in a coordinated and all encompassing fashion, including all of the sub areas defined above. Others will integrate some elements of the supply chain, for example purchasing and logistics and call this Supply Chain Management. Many will refer 4 conceptually to Supply Chain Management, but only address it specifically at the eneral management level. One area of confusion arises because Supply Chain Management is both a horizontal business function (i. e. anaging the supply chain in a business), and a vertical industry sector (i. e. businesses involved in managing supply chains on behalf of their clients). A company like TDG operates as a su pply chain services provider, within the vertical supply chain industry sector. But each of the clients serviced by TDG will employ supply chain staff within their business operating on a horizontal basis across their organization. The â€Å"supply chain industry' sector as the vertical is often eferred to, is largely restricted to transport and storage type operations.Distributing products on behalf of clients. Whereas, the horizontal supply chain functional areas encompass the entire supply chain spectrum across a business. Supply Chain Management has matured from a compelling method of deriving competitive advantage, to a â€Å"ticket to ride†. Its is now a baseline expectation for any company wishing to compete in the 21st Century, and with that the professions and occupations comprising Supply Chain Management are now firmly entrenched in the armory of essential business executives.The sub areas comprising Supply Chain Management are defined further below: Forecasting / Planning All business needs to forecast and plan. To look forward and predict what will be required in terms of resources and materials in order to deliver their product or demand planning, inventory planning, capacity planning etc Purchasing / Procurement The commercial part of the supply chain is purchasing. Otherwise it's known as Buying or Procurement. This is where a business identifies suppliers to provide the products and services that it needs to acquire in order to create and deliver its own ervice or product.Costs and terms of business are negotiated and agreed and contracts created. Thereafter the suppliers' performance and future contractual arrangements will be managed in this area. This area of the business is sometimes referred to as purchasing, sometimes, procurement, buying, sourcing, etc. However, all titles relate to the acquisition of materials and services. The difference between purchasing and procurement is largely academic as, whilst there is a theoretical d ifference between them, businesses use the titles interchangeably for the two variations of activity.You will for example find manufacturing companies with purchasing departments that are actually doing procurement roles, and you will find service based organizations with 5 procurement departments but in fact doing purchasing roles. In its strictest definition purchasing is limited to the actual commercial transaction and no more, whilst procurement includes the wider elements of the acquisition, including logistics and performance management. In its strictest definition logistics refers to the movement of goods or materials, whether inbound, through, or outbound.In some manufacturing businesses orecasting and planning will be found within a logistics department, in other businesses logistics will be exclusively managing the movement and transportation of goods and materials. Operations are a general management type activity ensuring that a business uses its resources effectively to meet its customer commitments. Usually referring to the conversion activity of the business, i. e. the point where the acquired resources and/ or materials are converted into the product or service that the business is selling on to its customers.Sometimes found within Logistics Management, or Demand Planning or Operations, Inventory Management typically takes responsibility for both the replenishment of physical stock, the levels of physical stock, and of course storage and issue of physical stock. Stock may be materials and goods sourced from suppliers, work in progress, or finished goods awaiting sale/dispatch. Transport management can involve the control of a company owned fleet of vehicles, collecting, moving, or delivering materials and goods, or managing transport services sourced from a 3rd party transport provider.Like transport management, warehousing can involve the control of company arehouse space, or managing warehouse space sourced from 3rd party providers. 6 Distrib ution involves the physical distribution of the company's products to the sub- distributor or directly to the customer base. Typically this is a combined transport and warehousing operation, responsible for storing and delivering products to meet the customer's needs. Again this combined activity will often be placed with a 3rd party service provider who will control and implement the processes.Most people do not recognize customer service as part of supply chain management, but it is in fact the final piece in the Jigs aw. Having taken the business inputs, created and delivered a product or service, the final element is to check that the customers expectations were achieved, and manage any actions necessary to meet your customer obligations and commitments. Supply Chain Management System In Square: For any organization supply chain management communication process is very important.

Crime Reporting and Rates Response Essay

What is the purpose of the major crime – reporting programs? What makes a successful crime reporting program in the U.S.? The purpose of major crime – reporting programs is to keep track to see if crime is decreasing or increasing in the various communities. Also to keep track of the heaviest crime stricken areas to determine if police patrol needs to be increased. Also to keep track of which crime is being committed the most in the various communities as well. The most successful crime – reporting program in the U.S. is the UCR (Uniform Crime Report) it includes both crimes reported local law enforcement departments and the number of arrest made by the police agencies. It also compiles records from more than 17,000 police departments serving a majority of the U.S. population. The UCR also collects data on the number and characteristics (age, race, and gender) of individuals who have been arrested for committing a crime. How do crime rates relate to arrest rates and clearance rates? Is there a way to improve the correlation between crime rates arrest rates and clearance rates in the effort to combat criminal activity? Crime rates relate to arrest rates by the UCR and the NIBRS (The National Incident – Base Reporting System. The higher the crime rate the higher the arrest rate is. Greater population areas tend to have higher crime rates, although clearance rates are generally uniform across the nation. To combat criminal activity the police departments can utilize the UCR to most effectively deploy their officers to areas where they are most needed. Clearance rates are the percentage of crimes that have been closed by arrest.

Identity theft Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words - 1

Identity theft - Research Paper Example This begins with understanding the various reasons why this problem remains relatively under-appreciated and what drives some people to engage in this sort of activity. At the same time that internet criminals are becoming ever more sophisticated in their means of making money from their activities, the general consumer public remains relatively unaware of the dangers. Everyone has heard of the identity theft and many have been victims of it, but few are willing to take the steps necessary to protect themselves against it. Despite the increasing numbers of online shoppers and the relative ease shoppers encounter as they enter an online retailer site, there are several negative factors not directly related to the consumer that nevertheless affect consumer behavior when determining whether to make an online purchase. One of the primary dangers being confronted is the issue of identity theft and information mining being conducted on reputable as well as questionable sites (Wolfinbarger & Gilly, 2003). Until these issues had received some attention, buyers were recommended to make online purchases using more traditional modes of payment rather than through credit cards or online bank transfers. In more recent years, however, numerous security sites and software has been developed designed to assist retail clients build consumer confidence in making the more convenient credit card purchases over the internet, displaying small padlocks as a sign of trust or requiring specific security codes prior to accepti ng a payment through shopping cart technology (Wolfinbarger & Gilly, 2003). While it has become infinitely safer to make purchases online, shoppers are still cautioned to use care when entering personal information and in choosing retailers. Despite the relative ease shoppers encounter as they enter an online retailer site, there are several negative factors that must be weighed before an actual purchase is made. As is reported by Steven Chucala

Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 213

Assignment Example The public health nurses role in delivering these interventions is to participate in the care-giving work when the patients affected by the disease seek medical assistance. The other role is to participate in the public awareness campaigns and demonstrate to people on how to live a healthy lifestyle. The regulatory guideline is to implement improved and enhanced heart disease prevention efforts. The actual ethical implication is to improve the health of all people through equity, in their all life stages (People & US Department of Health and Human Services, 2011).The American Heart association through federal funding is actual funder of these interventions while the U.S ministry of Health and Human Services acts as a potential funder of the interventions. As mentioned above, the primary intervention is to prevent and treat heart disease to prevent the deaths it causes among the U.S population. The secondary intervention is to hold public prevention campaigns to create awareness to people about the disease. The tertiary intervention is to engage other sectors to help to fight the disease. The basic elements of community health nursing practice include prevention and treatment of health problems. This relates well with the primary intervention which is to prevent and treat heart diseases. The other element is to promote healthful living. This can be achieved by empowering people through public health campaigns which relates with the secondary intervention. Rehabilitation and research is another element of community health nursing practice (Maurer & Smith, 2012). This relates with the tertiary intervention as other sectors can join to rehabilitate and conduct research of the disease. Florence Nightingale’s theory of nursing can b e used as a framework for community health nursing practice. This theory is a patient-care theory. It focuses on patient’s care rather than the nursing process (Selanders, 1993).  This is

PESTLE Analisys Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

PESTLE Analisys - Essay Example There is minimal political interference since the company deals with entertainment products. Though, the government once ordered the CDs produced by HMV to be investigated. This is simply because the company was making too much profit that led to a rise in suspicions of the eligibility of the CDs. Economically, several factors pose a great effect on the company. The crash on the company finances due to the acquisition of Waterston’s agency had a severe impact. The company’s shares performed poorly in the London stock exchange. The great impact made the company to have a partial closure. The unstable currency in the past recession years had a great impact on the company’s economy. This is because currency exchange from the signed deals produced futile results. Another factor that greatly affects the economy of HMV is the decline in the company’s performance in 2009.This affected the market as many customers felt that the company did not offer the best. The overall decline in the entertainment industry by 3.4% in 2008 had diverse effects on the company too. Firms in other countries working under the brand name of HMV contribute revenue to the company empowering it economically. The sales revenue of the company rose by 3.1% in 2010. This increased popularity of the brand and the cash inflow. On the sect of social factors, change in consumer demands or else lifestyle changes affects the company. This is whereby the customers drift their demand from one product completely to the other. If there were large stocks of the product, the company may experience a loss. It is mostly brought about by celebrities and other influential people. Advertising these items on a more apparent note helps to adhere to the lifestyle changes by reducing stock. The tapping of music and entertainment is another social factor. Most people can easily burn personal CDs posing a great challenge on the markets of HMV. They can also transfer music from one device to t he other without necessarily purchasing it. On the technology trends, several factors are considered. These include; Online business. Most of the music and computer games can be sold online. This is in line with business protection. The use of DVD s may not be applicable anymore since the sale of music can be easily done through the internet. The company can direct its focus on dealing with such issues to keep up with the pace of the fast developing technology.HMV has created a website whereby it sells its products through an online market. Another one is filming technology. There is the use of high filming technology that provides a live coverage of events. It can be used to record live performances of celebrities. The performances can be sold online for example through YouTube. This easily copes the growing technology. The company also utilizes the social media sites, for example face book. These sites can be used as advertisement centres. This is because they can be accessed by a large number of people. The various products offered by the company are displayed to the customers giving updates on the trending issues (Adams, J. L, 2002, 44). There are ecological factors that can be depicted. The shift from plastic DVDs to using the internet in order to protect the environment is a considerate factor. The plastic CDs that are not re-used but instead disposed off, can affect the environment since they are non-biodegradable. The cost of purchasing CDs is higher than that of selling music

The Place of Religious Education In The Primary School Essay

The Place of Religious Education In The Primary School - Essay Example As the discussion highlights  education is a social system, which prepares and develops new members for the society. It is a process, which teaches them the social setting, morale and their expected behaviour in the society. It gives them an opportunity to choose their area of interest and develops them accordingly.  From the research it is clear that religious education can support the personal, social and emotional development of child.Religion can be defined as a set of beliefs. It involves emotions and feelings. It has its own set of dogmas and practices. Through religion one tries to define the relations between himself and divinity. There has been a continuous debate on the importance of religion in everyone’s life. Many academicians and philosophers have presented different views on religion.  There have been various definitions for religion given by various thinkers’ scholars and academicians. Religion has taken various shapes and forms in past few years w ith the development of civilisation. In various parts of world religion can be seen in different forms. There are certain things that are common in all the religion. These are things like existence of God, love for humanity, respect for each other, help the needy and many others. These things are more like an education for the proper living.  These things teach us to live and adjust in the society to make the place worth living. Any religion never teaches fight, killing, disrespect for humanity and terrorism.

Themes of Romantic Music and Renaissance Painting Essay

Themes of Romantic Music and Renaissance Painting - Essay Example A common value that romantic music appreciatively adds on the development of renaissance painting is the period that the two art elements came to existence. By romantic music having existed at the same century as that which renaissance paintings did, it was inevitable that the value of romantic music were relayed through the work of fine art as the artists of that time postulated. An artist like Leonardo da Vinci was known to express and relay emotion on painting canvas, being an artist who appreciated the element of romantic music he could then bring himself to supplement romantic music with paintings effectively. A denoted development such as the invention of musical instruments during the 17th century is a value that effectively influenced the development of renaissance painting. Instruments such as the piano and the guitar are elements that represent music. This element of music representation then reciprocated as renaissance artists could then assign a music instruments incorpor ating it in their paintings to represent musical paintings. A very famous painting of a man playing a guitar; by Fiery Lombard done in 1590’s in Rome is a representation of this type of paintings inspired by musical instruments. A theme appreciated as that that facilitated the renaissance paintings is religion. Many artists such as Michelangelo and Leonardo da Vinci had a very strong religious background; therefore, in some of their paintings, they most likely choose to incorporate religious elements in their paintings.

Dickens's Treatment of Education and Social Mobility in Hard Times Essay

Dickens's Treatment of Education and Social Mobility in Hard Times - Essay Example Utilitarianism was the brainchild of Jeremy Bentham ( 1748-1832), a personally eccentric philosopher and social reformer, who held that virtue was a matter of utility: an action was good if it helped to bring about the greatest happiness of the greatest number. Promulgation of that happiness was the function of the State, and education of the populace and extension of political franchise were fundamental tenets of Benthamism. Political Economy, on the other hand, was a socio-economic system deriving from Adam Smith ( 1723-90) and David Ricardo ( 1772- 1823), whose disciples taught that the distribution of wealth was governed by immutable laws of nature. National prosperity depended on the profits of industrialists, and the wages of workers could not rise without jeopardizing economic harmony, to the detriment of workers and industrialists alike. Because the pursuit of individual self-interest was held to promote the general welfare, the duty of the state was to adopt a policy of lais sez-faire, in order to allow that inevitable process to operate freely, without interference. ( Dickens, Schilicke, 1989) Dickens was vociferous against these theories and as he wrote to Charles Knight, he directed his satire " against those who see figures and averages and nothing else----the representatives of the wickedest and the most enormous vice of this time." (30 December 1854, Letters, 7: 492). Dickens was above all a humanist, and he deeply resented the reduction of human beings, their activities and perceptions to bare facts and figures, without emotion, feeling, or imagination. Having already written books like Oliver Twist and Nicholas Nickleby, he had realised that his satire and criticism hit home, and thus deliberately set out to write a novel in the background of industrialisation and its resultant severe inequalities of wealth, social class and education. 2.0. Coketown: the emblem of Dickens' message In the course of the novel, Dickens' fictional Coketown, loosely based on towns like Manchester in Northern England and the Lancashire town of Preston, becomes emblematic of Dickens' perception of the connections between industrialisation, utilitarianism, education and the Victorian society. In Chapter 5 he describes Coketown: "It was a town of red brick, or of brick that would have been red if the smoke and ashes had allowed it; but as matters stood, it was a town of unnatural red and black like the painted face of a savage. It was a town of machinery and tall chimneys, out of which interminable serpents of smoke trailed themselves for ever and ever, and never got uncoiled. It had a black canal in it, and a river that ran purple with ill-smelling dye, and vast piles of building full of windows where there was a rattling and a trembling all day long, and where the piston of the steam-engine worked monotonously up and down, like the head of an elephant in a state of melancholy madness. Dickens paints the picture of an unnatural, defaced, polluted town filled with the noise and stench of machines at work, which is "savage". All public inscriptions in the town which are essentially its voice, are written in "black and white", in effect colourless, banal, with no identity of their own. It is the antithesis of individuality and personal freedom of expression, which are so essential to human happiness and virtue. It pays no tribute to civilisation, culture or refinement, everything in it is "severely workful" and utilitarian. This starves the human craving

Systematic Approach to Learning and Development Essay

Systematic Approach to Learning and Development - Essay Example A systematic approach includes a unique but practical network that evaluates approaches before, during and after training to ensure employees truly benefited from the training in terms of enhanced results to the organisation. To be evaluative under such conditions, an organisation must possess capabilities that produce a highly responsive and adaptive system of decision and action. In such a system, it is necessary to evaluate the means of the information, where decisions, and actions are brought into conjunction and involves a complex interplay between individuals, positions, and levels. Such an interplay plays a critical role in evaluating organisational responsiveness and makes flexibility highly important where control and guidance of these processes in a flexible manner are a critical function of an organisation. Systematic approach serves as a tool to apply systems theory in context with organisational change as systems theory or systems thinking is the idea that an organisation is made up of many different resources. It relies upon various sorts of resources which are helpful in utilising it as a person, a group of people, a function, a product or a service to be one part of the entire system. The basic concept lies with the notion that in case one element of the system is changed, the nature and makeup of the entire system is also changed, that means the systems or components of systems that make up an organisation are integrated to accomplish the overall goals of the company. System thinking enables the organisation to make decisions in order to note down even minute effects and their consequences which result in changes that have a broader impact on the company from a broad perspective. This help ensuring the facts that the decisions and steps that that are being taken are made in a wi se manner by considering the overall structure of the organisation rather than seeing only isolated specific events. On the other hand systematic approach addresses the loopholes that remain in the organisation's infrastructure and analyzes the capabilities of their employees in relation to the working scenario. This indicates systems theoretical approach enables systematic approach to first make appropriate decisions and then analyzes the change in the form of evaluation, resulting in change management. The resultant of the systematic approach is the organisational change which in a broader aspect views the impact of change on the organisation and helps the organisation identifying the real causes and issues and address them quickly. However critics point out that such change under the approach of a systematic manner, does not guarantee the notion that change will be without negative consequences. In fact, what is seen is that if the major organisational parts are recognised, their relationships help the organisation integrate the goals of the change throughout the organisation. Evaluating Performances under Change Management Changing organisations advices to fix the

Femininity within and outside Greek System Term Paper

Femininity within and outside Greek System - Term Paper Example The way of living and even the surroundings did not provide much scope for people to improve. Women in Greece were not given much freedom. They were allowed to talk only with female. Their main work was to take care of their home and children. Women did not have much influence and were not considered in any decision making process. Women did not have a major role to play, as men dominated them. (Paulos 2008). They had to depend on their husband. In ancient times there were statues of goddess which were sculptured keeping Greek women in mind. Since it was a male-dominated system, women were considered powerless. Later in the 19th century, consciousness about feminism came into existence. Greek women were good at singing and dancing and they composed many songs. They were not allowed to pursue their education. The school system did not allow girls to get admission. They were considered fit only for domestic affairs. Women were used in demotic songs in rural areas as they were not strong economically. During marriage their opinion was not important. The girl's father will decide a man and they will get married. Dowry played a vital part in those marriages. (Martin 1996). For a woman to divorce her husband, she had to go through a lot of legal procedures which were not as easy as compared to that of a man divorcing his wife. In ancient Greece, most divorces were by the husband. In such cases, the man would directly reject his wife in front of everyone and just drive her out of his home. Status of Women Once divorced, the woman can get back her dowry that was given to her husband .But the worst part was the practice of retaining the children with the father itself. Thus no rights can be claimed by a lovable mother on her children. Such simple was the procedure for a man to divorce a woman. Whereas if a woman likes to get divorced, she has to go in search of a legal support to enlist the grounds on which she would want to get divorced. This can easily be stopped by the male community by making the woman to sit at home confined to four walls. There was an option in ancient Greek system which permitted the marriage to be called off if the woman had no children. In that situation, the marriage can be broken up which would give way for the female community to get married to some other person. Ancient practices In ancient times religion was the driving force which kept the Greeks to move forward in the march towards development. They practiced idol worship and hence they strongly believed that humans were none other than the incarnation of God in various other forms. Thus they possessed the right to be bestowed with everlasting charm and supernatural powers. As time progressed, there was a change in the nature and character of the god whom the ancient Greeks worshipped. They replicated the gods by themselves or by using the traditional methods which enabled them to communicate people. The ancient practices were such that when a woman gets married to a person, all of her property and assets would be under the control of her husband. Women were not allowed to step out of their house unless and until they had a valid reason. They were under the belief that a woman who had a respect in the society would never appear

In a Street Car Named Desire Essay Example for Free

In a Street Car Named Desire Essay In a Streetcar Named Desire there is a conflict between Illusion and reality, Blanche Dubois arrives in New Orleans with the impression of a patronising, wealthy school teacher who has no time for those who she believes to be below her class as we see in her rudeness to Eunice at the very beginning. As the play progresses we see that Blanche is merely projecting a persona which hides both her past and the inevitably grim future that awaits her. On the other side we have Blanche’s brother-in-law Stanley who acts in opposition of the illusion which Blanche has created and takes it upon himself to expose Blanche for what she really is. Blanche like all human beings is not infallible in her illusion as her own body and actions betray her at times reveal that the true Blanche Dubois lies just beneath the surface, for example her nerves show her reliance on alcohol. Blanche throughout the entire play portrays a character which is not truly her own, from the beginning she appears to believe herself above everyone she meets, especially her own sister Stella as we see in Blanche’s disappointment at Stella’s home. Despite this from the very beginning it’s obvious that Blanche is prone to hiding the true image of herself, physical and mental â€Å"Turn that over light off! Turn that off! I won’t be looked at in this merciless glare. † Blanche’s aversion to be seen clearly in the light is evident throughout the entire play and symbolises her need to impair people’s view of her true self. Blanche gives the impression of being superior incessantly through showing her culture and telling false stories like that of Shep Huntleigh. Williams establishes the extreme difference between illusion and reality with Blanche’s conversation with Stella on how the ceremony of the funeral does nothing to illustrate the truth of death â€Å"Funerals are quiet with pretty flowers. And, oh, what gorgeous boxes they pack them away in! Unless you were there at the bed when they cried out, ‘Hold me! ’ you’d never suspect there was a struggle for breath and breathing. † This illustrates human need to hide reality, with a beautiful ceremony we hide the harsh reality of death, dressing up our mortality and ignoring the reality of the pain and anguish which accompanies death. Just like Blanche trying to look as attractive and collected as possible in order to disguise the true reason behind her arrival at her sister Stella’s apartment. The character of Stanley, Blanche’s brother-in-law is constantly referred to as a primitive, instinctive male with Tennessee’s constant use of animal imagery while describing him and lowering him to an almost sub human level as we see in Blanche’s description of him â€Å"He acts like an animal, has an animal’s habits! Eats like one, moves like one, talks like one! † This explains Stanley’s decision to take the role of exposer, he is a male protecting his home from an intruder who threatens the dominance which he has established over it. When Blanche first arrives she annoys Stanley as he assumes the role of the head of the household, Blanche’s education and condescending manner are a challenge to his hold over Stella â€Å"Tennessee Williams writes that the most pressing moral problem of man in the twentieth century is to avoid extinction. † Stanley instinctively knows Blanche is hiding her past and her persona is all a facade, it is when his control of the household is challenged that he decides to expose the reality behind the illusion of Blanche Dubois. Stanley exposes Blanche to Stella after discovering her misdeeds in a town called Laurel where she had been a sexual deviant, having relations with many men. Blanche had to move to this town because she was fired from her job as a schoolteacher for having a sexual relationship with a seventeen year old. Blanche constantly wears white and her name actually means white, the colour that represents innocence and purity but Stanley begins revealing her past by saying, â€Å"Sister Blanche is no Lily. It is easy to judge Blanche, condemning her for her falsity but Blanche created this character to hide her past so she could have a future. Blanche was married to a man named Gray but found him with another man and the guilt forced him into suicide. This caused Blanche to seek fulfilment in the arms of strange men, Blanche married young and once an adult she then proceeded to lose â€Å"her husband, her inheritance, her home, her employment and nearly all her family. Blanche’s transition child to adult is traumatic and the harsh reality of the world is thrust upon her through death and meaningless relations with men which is why she maintains the illusion of childhood, that of the pure and innocent southern girl who needs to be courted â€Å"You didn’t know Blanche as a girl: Nobody, nobody was as tender and trusting as she was. But people like you abused her, and forced her to change. † It was the harsh reality of the world which made Blanche create the false persona we see in the Kowalski home. Blanche sense’s that her only hope for salvation is to attract a partner and she targets Mitch (Stanley’s friend) as a possible candidate for this role. Mitch is a sincere character as we see by his awkwardness and openness especially when explaining his fear of loneliness once his mother passes to his friends at the poker game. Even though Mitch appears to be the most honest character, Blanche is so insecure that â€Å"she assumes that she must pretend to be the innocent romantic in order to attract men, she hides her past, her age and her sexual appetites. This is in vain however as Stanley tells Mitch the truth of Blanche’s past therefore revealing that Blanche isn’t the innocent girl he had hoped she was to replace his mother as the main woman in his life. Blanche not only uses illusion but is also an example of the illusion of the typical southern lady. Due to her upbringing in the south Blanche has unfair expectations placed on her from an early age , which she reverts back to after her tragic marriage ends, taking the role of the pure, innocent girl. This reflects a situation that Williams saw first-hand as he â€Å"watched his sister struggle to become the kind of southern belle that his mother expected, he knew how cruel this definition of roles could be. † Blanche has created this false personality based on the perfect southern women she failed to become. Stella is put in a situation where she must choose between illusion and reality. Blanche tells Stella of Stanley’s rape however Stella shortly after giving birth doesn’t believe her and instead chooses Stanley over her own sister. We cannot totally fault Stella for forsaking her sister, it is a decision made with the future in mind for her and her baby â€Å"When Stella chooses him (Stanley) over Blanche we understand she is choosing survival of the species rather than the dream of a dead past† Stanley is the provider for her family and she must remain with him. Adhering to his animal instincts Stanley has defeated Blanche and remains the king of his household by exposing her past, therefore chasing away her only remaining suitor Mitch and finally by the brutal act of rape, â€Å"having been raped by the man of the house in which she sought refuge, her mind unhinges. At the time of production it was believed that Stanley should be punished for his crime and that the poetic character of Blanche should not have such a bleak end, but like the play, Williams is more concerned with portraying a realistic ending rather than creating an ending more digestible for the audience, â€Å"We know that Williams unc ensored ending was more realistic. †

Plato and Mill on the relationship between individual and society Essay Example for Free

Plato and Mill on the relationship between individual and society Essay Plato was born around 428-7 BC, he lived for the most part of his life in Athens, and had much to say about Athenian democracy. Mill was born much later in London in 1806, but although over two thousand years of political philosophy divide the two, much of the same issues and concerns arise in both their work though often with very different outlooks. Despite their differing opinions Plato and Mill are both antithetical, or in other words believe that the tyranny of the majority is to be feared. Plato believes that individuals are selfish and pursue their own self-interests at the expense of the rest of the population, and follow their own moral path. The philosopher individual is epitomised by the Gadfly. The gadfly is referred to by Plato in the Apology, to describe Socrates relationship with the Athenian political scene. Socrates believed he irritated for the purpose of leading people closer to the truth to sting people and whip them into a fury, all in the service of truth. The gadfly describes a person who upsets the status quo by posing lots of questions. Plato states that while the gadfly is easy to swat, the cost to society of silencing an individual simply because of his irritancy could be extremely high. This seems to contradict some of what he has to say on his republic, as he stifles the lower class citizens in the Kallipolis, counting their opinions as obsolete in comparison to the philosophers. The gadfly is also mentioned in the Bible in the Book of Jeremiah also relating to political influence Egypt is a very fair heifer; the gadfly cometh, it cometh from the North. Plato believes that Democracy fosters the wrong kind of individual, hence the Kallipolis, which is the inverse of Democracy, designed to bring about the right way of living. In Platos view, an individual is fulfilled by the contribution that he or she makes to the overall functioning of the community, and the Kallipolis is designed to make this possible for everyone. Platos state also respects the individuality of its members and treats them equally. In Platos republic, the state limits the freedom of its individuals, but only to ensure that all the members receive the same amount of freedom. In effect, Plato believes that the repression of individual freedom results in equal freedom for the society as a whole. This is contrasted to Mill, whose view is that, excluding children, the individual is sovereign over himself, his body and his mind. Interference in an individuals beliefs or actions is wrong. Unless it is known that one is inflicting harm upon another, interference is not justified. Mill has three liberties that are the hallmark of a free society- the first is the freedom of thoughts and sentiment on all subjects, including freedom of expression and publication. The second liberty is the freedom of taste; the fact that others may disapprove of an individuals actions or beliefs, is not justified by Mill as the basis of interference, for example homosexuality. The third and final liberty necessary for a free society is the freedom of individuals to unite as long as the resulting union does not lead to others being harmed as a result. Mill forbids coercion and deception within the union, as he believes it is unjustified to have a direct negative impact on the utility of others (this does not involve doing something which someone else does not agree with). Mill encourages individualism and self-development or human flourishing as he believes that it will only benefit society, as the individuals will be able to contribute more if they reach their full potential and are allowed to develop their own ideals and opinions. Mill has concerns over the limits of which power can be legitimately exercised by society over the individual. Safeguards are necessary to ensure that the majority does not suppress the minority. Mankind would be no more justified in silencing one person, than that one person; if he had the power would be justified in silencing mankind. Plato believes that false opinions could be dangerous to society, whereas Mill would say they were necessary in order to help obtain the truth, something that we as humans so desperately strive to obtain. Plato believes that satisfying our desires is something scarcely worth caring about, whereas Mill would encourage us to do so as long as it brings utility rather than harm. Free discussion in Mills opinion will only aid us in getting closer to the truth, as who is to decide what is true if there is no proof? A combination of views, questions and opinions are better than one view or opinion that is decided to be true, and not questioned. There are always people who will disagree with something that others agree with, so who is right? Plato believes that in order to have a productive and harmonious society, conditioning or training is necessary to ensure that the members actual desires coincide as far as possible with their real desires, thus reducing conflict. Mill would argue that this is in a sense brainwashing the individuals to believe that they are happy and that they are fulfilling desires, when in fact they are only fulfilling what the Philosopher Kings have told them they desire. Plato believes in critical freedom, which the Kallipolis is intended to provide to its members as much as their nature permits, Mill however believes in actual freedom in which all is permitted but harm (The Harm Principle). Mills rejection of social contracts is accompanied with the acceptance of certain rules of conduct in our dealing with others in return for the protection we receive from society. For example, we are bound to observe and respect the rights of others and according to him As soon as any part of a persons conduct affects prejudicially the interests of others, society has jurisdiction over it. Otherwise Mill states that foolish actions do not deserve penalties, and that mature individuals should be left to develop and coagulate their own views and act on their own impulses. All society can do is help educate its members as to what is moral and immoral before they reach the state of maturity and therefore the freedom they have a right to. Platos similes are used to demonstrate the negative aspects of democracy and Athenian politicians. The simile of the cave is used to show how politicians will conceal the truth from the people (represented by the prisoners). The people are ignorant and do not possess the knowledge that they deserve. The prisoners are bound and only have a view of the wall in front of them, there is a fire behind them, between them and the wall is nothing. All that the prisoners can see are shadows of themselves, and of the objects behind them. The prisoners naively believe that the shadows are real as they have nothing else upon which to base their knowledge. One of the prisoners manages to escape from the cave, and in the light of the sun sees the real world for the first time. He realises that all this time he was deceived by shadows. This man, if according to Plato is in possession of the capacity for knowledge and wisdom will feel it is his duty to go back to the cave, release his fellow prisoners and enlighten them. The other prisoners are hard to persuade however, as his exposure to the sunlight renders him unable to see the shadows as clearly as before, and so the prisoners just think that he is less intelligent than when he was trapped. Plato justifies the Philosopher Kings lying to the people in order to protect them. Plato argues the necessity of a structured organised society separate from the outside world in which every individual reaches their maximum potential and has a fundamental part to play in contributing all they can to their community as a whole. Education is available to all members of the Kallipolis regardless of gender. Mill states in his introductory chapter to On Liberty that the struggle between liberty and authority is the most conspicuous feature. Mill developed a principle to counteract what he calls the interference of collective opinion on an individuals independence, this principle was called the Liberty principle. Mill and Plato have different styles of communicating their points, Mill expresses his ideas in the form of discursive arguments, Plato however expresses his ideas in the form of dialogue, something which Mill praises Plato for regardless of their conflicting conclusions. Platos Kallipolis, or utopia is designed as a hierarchical state consisting of three different classes, the Producers, the Auxiliaries, and the Guardians. These three different classes will have very different experiences of life, and which one they will lead depends on their capacity for knowledge. The three classes experience different upbringings, and receive different levels of education. Plato contradicts himself, he says that all people in the Kallipolis should be friends and equals yet he also unashamedly states that the Producers will not be able to choose how they wish to live their lives, and that their opinions are the least worthy. The Producers are in effect not free, but rather slaves to their senior ranking class, the Guardians. The Producers are thought to be the least intelligent mass of the population, and they are therefore expected to trust and believe their rulers. This is justified by Plato because it is better for them to be under the control of divine wisdom something that the minority of the population possess, and what makes those that do worthy to rule over all others. Platos belief is that if these less intelligent people are allowed to think freely, then they will make the wrong choices, and an individual is only worth what they contribute to their community as a whole. This means that personal desires are not as important as the overall functioning of the community, which is immaculately ruled by the Philosopher Kings who have the ability to learn and retain the knowledge leaded to rule and guide the citizens of the Kallipolis. Mills views contradict these of Platos; his liberalist view is that the individual is important in creating the desired environment within the state and is worthy of reaching their full potential in all areas. Mill considers freedoms of opinion and of actions necessary, and his Harm Principle was made to help protect other individuals from being hurt. Mill believes that individuals have a fundamental right to discover and develop their knowledge to their maximum capacity with the absence of a priori constraints. Platos view on the freedom of individual development of knowledge is that it is the despotism of custom. Mill prioritises the freedom of thought and expression; he believes that unless we push an argument to its absolute limit, then we cannot claim to fully understand it. Mill says that we must listen to everyone, even those that offend us, or those who we believe to be irrelevant. Mills justification for this is that if one person speaks out against an otherwise unanimous society about a certain topic, and they are right, then they could enlighten the mass to the truth. If they speak out and are found to be wrong, then they have simply helped the mass come closer to the truth by falsely opposing it. Platos analogy of the Beast shows how politicians will keep society happy in the short term, while not regarding what is best for them in the long term. It works on the basis of keeping the people satisfied rather than truly doing what is best for them (according to Plato). The keeper of the Beast manipulates it with what is wants at the time by giving it treats, with no regards for its health. It is made clear however that the Beast is manipulating the keeper too, by getting what it currently desires out of him. For this reason Plato says that freedom to do what one wants when ignoring the absolute truth, or the long term real effects of certain action or decision can be damaging to the inward domain of consciousness. Similarly, his analogy of the Ship of State depicts his attitude on Athenian democracy. The captain of the ship is stronger than any of the crew, but he lacks the skill of working on and handling the boat. The crew argue over who should be in control, and beg the captain to allow them to take control of the ship. Those who succeed turn the voyage into a drunken pleasure cruise. The true navigator or star-gazer is overlooked by his fellow men although he is the only one skilled enough to actually guide the ship, he possesses the art of navigation, and seamanship. He is unable to gain the control needed to steer the ship to safety. The captain represents Athenian citizens responsive only to the rhetoric of the crew, the crew represent the politicians, they are manipulative and are not concerned with the truth, but rather power. Plato says that eventually the crew will ask the navigator for help, sacrificing their freedom and control for their safety and social benefit. The navigator is capable of using his knowledge of astronomy (knowledge of Being) to help guide the ship and those on it through a world of constantly changing and sometimes-dangerous weather conditions (the world of Becoming). The crew must surrender to the navigator, as he possesses not opinions or beliefs, but facts. The crew have to recognise his superior knowledge and therefore his authority, although they would fail to do so if it did not ultimately benefit them. Mill would argue that this analogy is incomplete, for the crew are able to be taught the skill of navigation themselves and do not need to rely solely on the star-gazer, wouldnt a crew of capable navigators be better than just one? Mill would argue that it is vital for the well being of the state to be able to argue against the truth. He argues the positive value of blasphemy as it challenges assumptions that are established as being right or wrong. We can criticise Mill for assuming that all individuals are capable of being rational and having rational thoughts and discussions. Equally, Plato fails to recognise the need for questioning and testing and assumes that people will accept sacrificing their freedom because he tells them too. If the tyranny of the majority is to be feared then why would Plato put the minority in power, and deprive the majority of control over their lives and the lives of their children? Mill and Plato hold the same or similar views on the issue of gender. Plato says that all citizens of the Republic, male or female will have access to equal education, as gender is obsolete when knowledge is the main focus, although a woman could never become a Philosopher Ruler. In 1869 Mill wrote The Subjection of Women, in which he encouraged and supported equal rights for both genders. Mill encouraged the equal rights for women on the basis of utility. He argued that we could not criticise women for being less skilled than men if we did not give them equal opportunity to try. He also said that society could not be at its best when half the population could contribute nothing to society outside of the home. Plato had a number of conditions that he says will help maximise the usefulness of all members of society, the stories which children are told must be authorised, and there is the censorship of music and the restriction of meat and fish unless it is roasted. Children are to be removed from their parents and are not to know who their parents are and visa versa. They are to call all males old enough father and all females mother, the purpose of this was to minimise private possessive emotions therefore reinforcing their focus on their relationship with their community. Deformed children and children of inferior breeding will be put away in some mysterious unknown place as they ought to be. The works of Homer and Hesiod, two of the earliest Greek poets are banned, as they encourage their readers to fear death, and depict the heavens as being filled with the inextinguishable laughter of the blessed Gods. Plato on the other hand banned loud laughter. Mill would argue that this repression is an infringement of basic human rights, and the suppression of individual development and human flourishing will do nothing but hinder the development and progression of mankind. How can society benefit if most individuals are at a disadvantage as to developing their own unique skills? Plato classifies people in three groups, as gold, the best members of society fit to be guardians, as silver members fit to be soldiers, and the common herd of brass and iron, fit only to be the producers. This is what Plato describes as the one royal lie used to deceive both the rulers, and the rest of the city, if he can justify lying about Gods creation of the three differing classes of people then why is he justified in choosing which one they belong to? Breeding is organised with the strongest members of society used simply to keep the population constant and as best bred as they can be. The strongest of sires are allowed to have the most children and the weaker ones less. The fundamental difference between Mill and Plato is that while Plato wished to radically change the structure of society in order to condition and force the people to behave and think in a certain way, Mill would leave the people to develop naturally, yet offer them all the education and teaching needed to steer them away from negative things and intervene only when one is inflicting harm upon another. Mills two main criticisms of Platos republic are that the proper function of the state is to regulate behaviour, not to encourage one or anothers set of belief or values. The second is that tolerance should be restricted to cases where it does not undermine the moral foundations of the community. He would argue that social bigotry should be restrained for the sake of encouraging freedom of thought and expression. Mill endorses Grotes admiration of Athenian tolerance, as tolerance is a necessity and encourages genius as a society may have persons of talentbut genius in such a soil is fatally stunted in its growth. Plato on the other hand criticises Athenian tolerance on the basis that the maintenance of public emotions requires repression by both law and by non-legal sanctions. He held the belief that Athenian tolerance undermines civic spirit required for the furtherance of the tolerant society itself. Aristotle, a student of Platos born in 384BC stated that it is the mark of an educated mind to be able to entertain a thought without accepting it. It is interesting that somebody taught by Plato would recognise the need for the self-development of opinion, something that Mill believes to be essential for a progressive society. Mill states that his father taught him to value Plato and his contributions to philosophy, and he says that he does just that. He called himself a pioneer when he began his translations of Platos work. Perhaps this was because he believed that the time that separated the two philosophers had made way for changes albeit dramatic, to Platos ideas that would concur with the modern world. Mill criticised Plato for trying to show that virtue is in the individuals interest, but also for attempting to give justification that virtue should be preferred at all. Neither Plato nor Mills work is flawless, so criticisms can be made on their errors and self-contradictions, yet both of these men helped advance philosophy immensely, and provided the basis of much discussion and debate. For Mill, freedom is necessary and desirable by both the individual and society. For Plato however freedom is not of fundamental concern; it is far more important to live according to the eternal and immutable truths. Herein lays the biggest contrast in the works of these two influential philosophers as regards the relationship between the individual and society.

Cardiology Studies: Conditions Involved and Services Offered

Cardiology Studies: Conditions Involved and Services Offered 1. The area of medicine it studies  [i] Cardiology derived from Greek and Latin. Kardia in Greek means the heart and logia also from Greek stands for logy or study. Branch of medicine dealing with diseases of the cardiovascular system (heart, aorta and smaller blood vessels), their diagnosis and treatment. 2. Title of consultants in this field Cardiology department is run by Cardiologists which is divided into cardiac sections and various cardiac consultants including Heart surgeons, Cardiologist Electrophysiologist, Cardiothoracic [surgical treatment of thorax (the chest) of the heart (heart disease) and lungs (lung disease)]. surgeons and Cardiovascular (diseases that involve the heart or blood vessels) Imaging Consultants.   Ã‚   3. Services offered in the Cardiology department. Cardiology department is divided into various other sub departments which fall under Cardiology category: Cardiac Catheterisation Laboratory  [ii] (Cath Lab): there are many procedures carried out in the Cath Lab some of which may be; Coronary Catheterization, Coronary (relating to arteries surrounding and supplying the heart) Angioplasty (opens blocked arteries and restores normal blood flow to heart muscle), Permanent and Temporary Pacemaker Implantations and many more. Coronary Care Unit  [iii] (CCU) care of patients with heart attacks, unstable angina, cardiac dysrhythmia (abnormality in heart rhythm) etc. Chest Pain Assessment Unit  [iv] is to assess and treat patients with life-threatening heart conditions, chest pain, heart attacks, shortness of breath, palpitations etc. Cardiac Rehabilitation  [v] is a program for people who are on their way of recovery from a heart attack, heart failure, heart valve surgery, etc. the program involves adopting heart-healthy lifestyle changes, exercise training, and help you return to an active life. Cardiology Outpatients examines and treats patients without keeping overnight. 4. Surgical procedures and diagnostic tests used in the Cardiology department.  [vi] Coronary Angiogram (x-ray photo of blood and lymph vessels) is carried out in the Cath Lab it is an invasive imaging procedure, used to; evaluate the presence of disease in the coronary arteries, valves or aorta and heart muscle function. Also to determine the need for further treatment. Permanent Pacemaker (PPM) Insertion is an invasive procedure used to stabilise the heart rhythm. An incision is made on the left side of the chest under the clavicle, following local anaesthetic, the leads and pacemaker are inserted. Catheter Ablation invasive procedure used to treat an abnormal heart rhythm (arrhythmia). Several catheters are inserted into the patients groin, neck or arm and guided with the aid of x-ray equipment to the heart. Implantable Cardioverter Defibrillator (high energy shock to bring back heart action) (ICD) it is an invasive procedure used to stabilise the heart rhythm. An incision is made on the left side of the chest after local anaesthetic and the ICD leads and device box are inserted. Using x-ray guidance, the leads are fixed into position. Coronary Angioplasty used to widen narrowed coronary arteries. Opening up the arteries improves blood flow to the heart and may improve symptoms. A catheter with a small balloon at the tip is guided through a blood vessel into the heart artery. The balloon is inflated at the site of the narrowed artery, widening its diameter (balloon angioplasty). 5. Medical conditions encountered in the Cardiology department.  [vii] Most common heart conditions are: Coronary thrombosis: a blood clot in the coronary artery. Cardiac arrhythmia: Abnormal electrical activity in the heart, the heart beat may be too fast or too slow, it can be regular or irregular. Cardiac failure: the heart impairs its ability to supply sufficient blood flow to meet the bodys needs. Palpitations: abnormal awareness of the beating of the heart; whether it is too slow, too fast, irregular or at its normal frequency. 6. Common abbreviations relating to Cardiology MRI Magnetic resonance imaging CT Computed tomography (X-Ray) ECG Electrocardiogram (or EKG) VF Ventricle failure CHD Coronary heart disease 7. Common blood tests used in diagnosing heart disease. Cardiac biomarkers: these tests are used to diagnose a heart attack by determining if heart cells have been damaged.  [viii] Lipid blood tests: checks levels of cholesterol and triglycerides, which are associated with the risk of heart disease.  [ix] Question 1 Endo Endoscopy used to examine a persons digestive tract Question 2 Norovirus winter vomiting bug side effects; nausea, vomiting, watery diarrhoea, abdominal pain Question 3-5 Term Explanation Gingivitis Inflammation of gums Gingiv= gums Itis= inflammation Endocarditis Infection of the inner lining of the heart Endo= inner lining of Card= the heart It is= inflammation Atherosclerosis Narrowing and hardening of arteries Athero= artery Scler=hardening Osis= condition of the Question 6-8 Term Explanation Relates to Cystitis Inflammation of bladder Urinary system Uraemia Blood in the urine Urinary system Enteritis Inflammation of gastrointestinal tract Digestive system Question 9-11 Term Department Consultant Disorder of hormones Endocrinology Endocrinologist Disorders of the digestive system Gastroenterology Gastroenterologist Disorders of the skin Dermatology Dermatologist Question 12-17 HCV Hepatitis C virus HIV Human immunodeficiency virus PUD Peptic ulcer disease IVF In-vitro fertilisation MRSA Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus Aureus C. Diff Clostridium Difficile Question 18-20 Term Suffixes Examples Inflammation Itis Conjunctivitis Cystitis Bone Osteo/Ortho Osteoporosis Rheumatoid Arthritis Tumour Oma Malignant melanoma Squamous cell carcinoma References [i] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardiology [ii] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cath_lab [iii] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coronary_care_unit [iv] http://www.westerntrust.hscni.net/services/2577.htm [v] https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/rehab [vi] http://www.blackrock-clinic.ie/services-procedures/cardiology/procedures/ [vii] An introductory to Anatomy Physiology, 4th Edition, reprinted in November 2012, written by Louise Tucker. Chapter 5 The Cardiovascular System page. 85 [viii] http://www.leehealth.org/cardiaccare/tests/blood.asp [ix] http://www.webmd.com/cholesterol-management/cholesterol-and-triglycerides-tests#1 Good Will Hunting: Sean Maguire Good Will Hunting: Sean Maguire Melissa Hernandez This case is about, Sean Maguire, a character in Good Will Hunting. Mr. Maguire is a 56-year-old Caucasian psychologist and therapist male. He teaches different types of psychology classes at Bunker Hill Community College in Boston. He was married to, Nancy Maguire for eighteen years before he lost her to cancer. They have never had any children. After his wife passed away, Mr. Maguire withdrew himself from friends and family. He is also a Vietnam Veteran. He continues to teach at the college because he wants to be surrounded by the people he is familiar with, people he grew up with. This case study will cover Mr. Maguires transition being secluded from friends into his turning point when he starts to make amends with his friends. Life Course Perspective The life course perspective (LCP) looks at how biological, psychological, and social factors act independently, cumulatively, and interactively to shape peoples lives from conception to death, and across generations. Of course, time is only one dimension of human behavior . . . (Hutchinson, 2015, p. 7). The LCP has five basic concepts; cohorts, transitions, trajectories, life events, and turning points (Hutchinson, 2015, p. 11). Cohort A cohort is a group of persons who were born during the same time and who experience social changes within a given culture in the same sequence and at the same age (Hutchinson, 2015, p. 11).   Sean Maguire belongs to the Caucasian, team of professors cohort. All of Mr. Maguires friends are professors who have gone on to do more with their lives. During the period Mr. Maguires wife was sick he quit counseling and he regretted it. After her death, he secluded himself from his friends. Mr. Maguires cohort were his friends from college, his colleagues, and his wife. Life Events A life event is a significant occurrence involving a relatively abrupt change that may produce serious and long lasting effects (Hutchinson, 2015, p. 15).   Mr. Maguires life events evolve around his wife from the moment he meets her until she passes. He passes up the Boston Red Sox playoff games, probably one of the most crucial playoff games during the history of baseball, to spend time with Nancy who he had just met. It was a risk worth taking because later he marries her and he states, I dont regret the 18 years I was married to Nancy. I dont regret the six years that she was sick and I gave up counseling. I dont regret later when she got really sick.   I sure as hell dont regret missing that damn game. After his wifes death, he lives an independent life. The pain he is left with after her passing became difficult to deal with. He doesnt know how to move on until he meets a young man, Will Hunting, he starts to counsel who helps change his life. Also as a child, Mr. Maguire experiences abuse from his alcoholic father who he tries protecting his mother from. He can relate to his patient Mr. Hunting. Transition A transition is a process of gradual change that usually involves acquiring or relinquishing roles, but it can be any change in status, such as change in health status (Hutchinson, 2015, p. 13).   Sean Maguire transitions into life without his wife after she dies. This life event changed Mr. Maguires environment as well as his self-concept and expectations. He is not able to move past losing his wife and watching her grow more and more ill. It hurts him knowing there was nothing he could have done for her but he is grateful he was able to spend her last months with her. This transition required Sean Maguire to make social adjustments. He stopped counseling for the duration Mrs. Maguire was sick, which he previously stated he regretted. Transitioning to life without his wife has been a challenge for Maguire. Life Course Perspective Themes There are six themes that pertain to the life course perspective; interplay of human lives and historical time, timing of lives, linked or interdependent lives, human agency in making choices, diversity in life course trajectories, and developmental risk and protection (Hutchinson, 2015, p. 20). This case study will cover linked or interdependent lives, human agency in making choices, and developmental risk and protection. Linked or Interdependent Lives The life course perspective emphasizes the interdependence of human lives and the ways in which people are reciprocally connected on several levels. (Hutchinson, 2015, p. 24). Mr. Maguire shut off communication with his college friends which left him with no social support, which is defined as help rendered by others that benefits an individual or collectively, is an obvious element of interdependent lives (Hutchinson, 2015, p. 24). The one person who was Sean Maguires family who always stood by his side through everything passed away, thus causing him to push away friends who could have supported him. Human Agency in Making Choices Constructing a life course through the exercise of human agency, or the use of personal power to achieve ones goals. (Hutchinson, 2015, p. 28).   Sean Maguire grew up with an abusive alcoholic father who would beat on him, his mother, and younger brother. He would protect his mother and sibling by taking the beatings for them. He confesses this to his client, Mr. Hunting. Growing up with an abusive father and in a low-income community, led Mr. Maguire to make goals to get out of that environment. He enlisted in the military and fought in the Vietnam war, returned home and made another goal to achieve his Doctorate degree in Psychology. Then he fell in love with, Nancy who he soon married. According to Albert Bandura, Mr. Maguire uses all three modes of efficacy; self-efficacy, efficacy expectation, and collective agency to set these goals and accomplish them. Developmental Risk and Protection As the life course perspective has continued to evolve, it has more clearly emphasize the links between the life events and transitions of childhood, adolescence, and adulthood. (Hutchinson, 2015, p. 31).   As a child Mr. Maguire experiences abuse at the hands of his father. As a young adult, he experiences difficult situations during his time served in the Vietnam war. An example of him protecting himself is when his client, Mr. Hunting criticizes his painting which is a painting done by Mr. Maguires late wife. He pushes Mr. Hunting up against the wall and proceeds to walk out of the room to gain his power back. He protects himself by pushing people away, he doesnt want to get close to anyone for fear of losing them or getting hurt. Banduras Social Learning Theory AlbertBandura proposes that humans are agentic, meaning they are capable of intentionally influencing their own functioning and life circumstances (Hucthinson, 2015, p. 28). Bandura argues that everyday life requires use of all three modes of agency. The three agencies will explain how Sean Maguire used them through his life course perspective. Personal agency Personal agency is exercised individually, using personal influence to shape environmental events or ones own behavior (Hutchinson, 2015, p. 28). Sean Maguire grew up in a low-income neighborhood with an alcoholic father who abused his mother and him. He used personal agency to get out of the neighborhood and rise up from the physical and mental abuse. He set goals to get out of his neighborhood, enlist in the U. S. Army and attend college. He did well because he earned a Ph. D. Proxy agency Proxy agency is exercised to influence others who have greater resources to act on ones behalf to meet needs and accomplish goals (Hutchinson, 2015, p. 28). Sean Maguire is a professor and psychologist who helps people resolve any conflicts they might have. In this case Mr. Maguire helps Will Hunting resolve his issues he has been dealing with since his childhood and young adult life. Mr. Hunting believes the abuse he endured as a child was his fault and was stuck in his childhood. Collective agency Collective agency is exercised on the group level when people act together to meet needs and accomplish goals (Hutchinson, 2015, p. 28). Sean Maguire and Will Hunting help each other accomplish life perspective goals together, which benefits both men. The time Mr. Maguire spent with Mr. Hunting was beneficial for both men because they opened up to each other and helped one another deal with conflicts they probably would not have otherwise dealt with. Mr. Maguire was able to reconnect with old friends and enjoy life even though his best friend is no longer alive. Mr. Hunting was able to accomplish his goal of falling in love and trusting someone, specifically a woman who he was afraid to get close to. Eriksons Theory of Psychosocial Development Eriksons theory explains socioemotional development in terms of age defined stages such as basic trust and mistrust which ranges from birth to one year old; autonomy versus shame and doubt which falls into one to three year olds; initiative versus guilt which is from three to five year olds; industry versus inferiority which has an age range of six to 11 years old; identity versus role diffusion from ages 11 to 20 years old; intimacy versus isolation which includes 21 to 40 year old adults; generativity versus stagnation which 40 to 65 year olds fall; and ego integrity versus despair which is 65 and older (Hutchinson, 2015, p. 112). Intimacy versus guilt Sean Maguire is 56 years old and finds himself dealing with intimacy and isolation. During the time his wife was sick he momentarily ceased his practice and regrets not helping clients. It was during that time that he also isolated himself from his friends and colleagues. After he became a widower Mr. Maguire further confined himself as he tried to deal with the death of his wife. He became distant from his students, who lost respect for him and he stopped communicating with his friends. He does not believe he will ever find a love like the love he experienced with his wife. Levinsons Theories of Finding Balance Daniel Levinson suggest that middle adulthood is a time when individuals attempt to find balance in their lives in several ways (Hutchinson, 2015, p. 321). Levinson sees the transition to middle adulthood attachment versus separation. Mr. Maguire deals with being attached to his wife and then losing her to cancer. He does not know how to deal with this in a positive manner. He has a huge tab at a local bar that has not been paid in months. Ethical Issues Ethical issues a social worker could possibly face could be, Sean Maguire is a psychologist who may not want to speak about his issues because he doesnt realize he has any issues to resolve. It would probably be an issue trying to convince Mr. Maguire what him and the social worker speak about is strictly between them and will be kept confidential. The social worker will not speak to her colleagues about what is discussed nor will the sessions interfere with Mr. Maguires careers. Ethical Principles The social worker may face dignity and worth of a person ethical principle when working with Mr. Maguire. Social workers treat each person in a caring and respectful fashion, mindful of individual differences and cultural and ethnic diversity. Social workers promote clients socially responsible self-determination. Social workers seek to enhance clients capacity and opportunity to change and to address their own needs. Social workers are cognizant of their dual responsibility to clients and to the broader society. They seek to resolve conflicts between clients interests and the broader societys interests in a socially responsible manner consistent with the values, ethical principles, and ethical standards of the profession (NASW, 2008) The social workers client, Mr. Maguire may not feel worthy and may feel his dignity is lost if he needs to speak about some issues that are interfering with his life. Ethical Values Dignity and worth of the person is an ethical value a social worker may deal with when working with Mr. Maguire. As stated previously, Mr. Maguire could possibly feel like his dignity is lost and his self-worth is diminished. The social worker must not allow the client to feel they have lost their dignity and make them feel they are worthy, because it is not easy to for Mr. Maguire to admit he needs help and seek it to become a healthier individual. Discrimination Sean Maguire received discrimination as a child growing up in an impoverished neighborhood. As an adult he was discriminated against because his friends think he did not anything further with his life after he earned his college degree. Oppression Sean Maguire experienced oppression at the hands of his father while growing up as a child. His father had abused him and his mother physically and psychologically. The oppression he experienced made him stronger and more willing to accomplish goals. Conclusion Sean Maguire has accomplished many goals while counseling his client, Will Hunting. He has learned how to deal with the passing of his wife in a positive way and he has reconnected with old friends who can bring him joy during this time in his life. Mr. Maguire needed someone who he could relate to and connect with who would help him come out of seclusion and experience the fulfillment of life. He is able as well to understand the abuse he endured as a child was not his to blame and he is able to nurture and love another person despite his life experiences. References Affleck, B., Damon, M., Driver, M., Elfman, D., Escoffier, J., Sant, G. V., Williams, R. (Writers). (1997). Good Will Hunting [Video file]. Hutchison, E. (2015). Life Course Perspective. In Dimensions of Human Behavior: The Changing Life Course (Fifth ed., p. 7, 11, 13, 20). Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publishing. Code of Ethics (English and Spanish) National Association of Social Workers. (n.d.). Retrieved November 11, 2016, from https://www.socialworkers.org/pubs/code/code.asp Sun, X., Kim, D. O. (1999). Adaptation of 2f1-2f2 distortion product otoacoustic emission in young-adult and old CBA and C57 mice. The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 105(6), 3399-3409. doi:10.1121/1.424668 Wood, R., Bandura, A. (1989). Social Cognitive Theory of Organizational Management. Academy of Management Review, 14(3), 361-384. doi:10.5465/AMR.1989.4279067 What was the Reasoning behind Medicare and Medicaid? What was the Reasoning behind Medicare and Medicaid? Early in the twentieth century, those concerned in the human condition, mostly reformers and progressives, reasoned that the American family needed protection from the debilitating effects of lost wages subsequent to the family provider becoming unable to work due to an illness or injury. Many of the social service benefits we enjoy today were rooted in what was referred to at that time as Sickness Insurance. Sickness insurance included the seeds of future programs like Social Security Retirement, Social Security Disability Insurance (SSI), Unemployment Insurance, Workmans Compensation and yes Medicare and Medicaid. Although advocates for sickness insurance included plans to cover medical expenses. They were far more concerned with families recouping losses due to lost wages than they were with recovering medical expenses. This was because medical expenses during that time period were significantly less expensive and burdensome than they are today. During the first part of the twentieth century the average person spent roughly $30.00/year and that amount included burial expenses should they be needed. As a result, the political climate in the first half of the twentieth century, accompanying opposition from the medical profession and other interest groups, defeated any successful attempt towards establishing health insurance in any form or, for that matter, developing any type of comprehensive health care strategy until the mid to late 1930s. Although the Social Security Act was passed by Congress in 1935 and physicians began organizing the first private healthcare plans like Blue Shield to cover costs of physicians care in 1939, it wasnt until the late 1950s and early 1960s before the groundwork began which eventually produced Medicare and Medicaid. The stimulus for this development was directly attributable to private insurance companies adjusting their premiums on growing employer-based health coverage on ever increasing medical costs. As a result, the retired and disabled found it progressively more difficult to find affordable coverage as costs for same quickly exceeded their means. Because of this, health reformers focused their efforts on the elderly a battle more easily won. In 1960, Federal Employees acquired a health benefit plan (FEHBP), providing health insurance coverage to federal workers. The Kerr-Mills Act was also passed that year which provided federal monetary support to state programs providing medical care to the poor and elderly. The Kerr-Mills Act was the precursor to the Medicaid program. Shortly after the Civil Rights Act passes in 1964, President Lyndon B. Johnson signed the Medicare and Medicaid programs into law (1965). This legislation created Medicare Part A (covering hospital and limited skilled nursing and home health care), as well as Medicare Part B (a plan to help cover the costs of physicians services). The Medicare and Medicaid programs were incorporated into the Social Security Act as a result of support from the hospital and health insurance industries mainly because this legislation contained no cost controls or physician fee schedules along with public approval and a congress containing a progressive, democratic majority. The next ten years, 1971 1981 saw an expansion of services under the Social Security Income (SSI) program such as a cash assistance program to elderly and disabled persons along with amendments that allow those with long-term disabilities to qualify for Medicare while healthcare costs continued to skyrocket and politicians squabb led with special interest groups over proposals and reforms. The next 30 years, 1981 to 2009, was composed of a flurry of disjointed legislative attempts to both expand healthcare coverage for specific target groups while attempting to reign in the constant upward spiral of health care costs. For example: in 1986 the Emergency Medical Treatment and Active labor Act (EMTALA) required all hospital facilities that received Medicare imbursements to screen and stabilize all persons who used their emergency room facilities regardless as to the ability to pay. Then, just a few short years later in the face of the Clinton administrations proposed Health Security Act (which, in 1993, proposed access to healthcare for every American), the Health Insurance Association of America fought back with television ads depicting middle-class American families worried about access to health care under the Clinton sponsored plan. They had cause to worry. In the 10 years between 1987 and 1997 the number of uninsured grew from 31 million to over 42.4 million as ever increasing healthcare insurance costs, responding to exploding medical care costs, forced individuals and whole families out of the ranks of the insured. In 2009, the White House held its first Health Reform Summit with key stakeholders. Shortly thereafter, President Obama releases his 2010 fiscal budget which includes 8 principles of health reform (electronic record-keeping, preventing expensive conditions, reducing obesity, refocusing doctor incentives from quantity of care to quality, bundling payments for treatment of conditions rather than specific services, better identifying and communicating the most cost-effective treatments, and reducing defensive medicine), and sets aside 634 million dollars in a health reform reserve fund while Congress continues to debate national healthcare reform options (Obama, 2009). Late in 2009 both the House and the Senate pass health reform legislation. Even so, neither the Houses healthcare reform version nor the Senates are ratified by both political bodies. Then, on February 22, 2010 the White House releases President Obamas proposal for health care reform and hosts a second Healthcare summit just 3 days later.   One week later, President Obama lays out his proposal and threatens the Senate that if need be a reconciliation process that required only a majority vote rather than the normal 60 votes to pass would be used to insure passage of the bill. Less than three weeks later, on March 21, 2010 the House of Representatives passes the Senates sponsored version of the bill the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (ACA), along with the Healthcare and Education Reconciliation Act of 2010 that amends the original Senate version of the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act reflecting negotiations between the House and Senate, and sends it to the President for signature. Two days later, President Obama signs the bill and P.L. 11-148 (Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act ACA), becomes law and Obamacare is born. Does the Affordable Care Act of 2010 adequately fix the majority of the healthcare problems we face as a nation today? Or should the responsibility of individual health be on the individual? In the words of Phil Schiliro, former Director of White House Legislative Affairs The right measure of the ACA isnt whether it avoids political controversy; its whether it makes America better by achieving its five most fundamental goals: expanding health-insurance coverage, lowering costs and promoting fiscal responsibility, increasing quality through innovation, protecting seniors and delivering peace of mind to American families by guaranteeing essential rightsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦. With these goals in place, individuals can concentrate on lifestyles that promote health rather than worrying about getting help when efforts in this regard fail expectations. References Timeline: History of Health Reform in the U.S. https://kaiserfamilyfoundation.files.wordpress.com/2011/03/5-02-13-history-of-health-reform.pdf A Brief History of Workers Compensation, Gregory P Guyton, Department of Orthopedics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC; Copyright  © 1999, The Iowa Orthopedic Journal https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1888620/ Medicare and Medicaid: The Past as Prologue, Edward Berkowitz, Health Care Financing Review/Spring 2008/Volume 29, Number 3 https://www.cms.gov/Research-Statistics-Data-and- https://www.cms.gov/Research-Statistics-Data-Systems/Research/HealthCareFinancingReview/downloads/08Springpg81.pdf Health is ultimately the responsibility of the individual: to what extent is this viewpoint correct? rodrigo | November 13, 2012 The WritePass Journal https://writepass.com/journal/2012/11/health-is-ultimately-the-responsibility-of-the-individual-to-what-extent-is-this-viewpoint-correct/ Who is Responsible for Your Health? Sarah Lifsey, May 14, 2015, Altarum Institute altarum.org/health-policy-blog/who-is-responsible-for-your-health ProCon.org. (2015, May 8). Is the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (Obamacare) Good for America? Retrieved from http://healthcarereform.procon.org/view.answers.php?questionID=001526 Remarks by the President to the AMA (June 15, 2009). Whitehouse.gov. Retrieved January 12, 2012. https://www.whitehouse.gov/the-press-office/remarks-president-annual-conference-american-medical-association

U.S. Foreign Policy in the Late 19th Century Essay -- essays research

The United States, from its inception had a lust for real estate. From the original chants of "manifest destiny" to the calls for the annexation of Indian territories, America has been driven to acquire land. In this country's youth, land was needed for economic expansion; however, by the end of the 19th century, the entire continental United States had been in possession and the citizenry of this country turned their eyes out to sea. The United States no longer sought new lands to farm and work nor did they need new areas for their geological resources; the motives had changed. The United States was now driven by the temptations of world power and political supremacy. The self-absorbed citizenry looked upon their intrusion into foreign areas as a moral obligation; to spread the words of democracy and Christ throughout the world. The Spanish-American War in the final years of the 19th century perfectly demonstrated this "new" imperialism. In addition the American intrusion into Chinese affairs during the Boxer rebellion was also proof for the new motives which governed the international attitude. By the end of the 19th century Spanish forces in Cuba were in an all out battle with nationalist rebels. The Spanish army had tortured and killed thousands of innocent Cubans in their efforts to maintain control of Cuba. The American "Yellow Press" under the leadership of Pulitzer and others wrote horrific articles about the war in Cuba and called for... U.S. Foreign Policy in the Late 19th Century Essay -- essays research The United States, from its inception had a lust for real estate. From the original chants of "manifest destiny" to the calls for the annexation of Indian territories, America has been driven to acquire land. In this country's youth, land was needed for economic expansion; however, by the end of the 19th century, the entire continental United States had been in possession and the citizenry of this country turned their eyes out to sea. The United States no longer sought new lands to farm and work nor did they need new areas for their geological resources; the motives had changed. The United States was now driven by the temptations of world power and political supremacy. The self-absorbed citizenry looked upon their intrusion into foreign areas as a moral obligation; to spread the words of democracy and Christ throughout the world. The Spanish-American War in the final years of the 19th century perfectly demonstrated this "new" imperialism. In addition the American intrusion into Chinese affairs during the Boxer rebellion was also proof for the new motives which governed the international attitude. By the end of the 19th century Spanish forces in Cuba were in an all out battle with nationalist rebels. The Spanish army had tortured and killed thousands of innocent Cubans in their efforts to maintain control of Cuba. The American "Yellow Press" under the leadership of Pulitzer and others wrote horrific articles about the war in Cuba and called for...

Marie de Frances Eliduc, Boccaccios Ninth Tale of the Fifth Day, and Shakespeares As You Like It :: comparison compare contrast essays

Comparing Women in Marie de Frances' Eliduc, Boccaccio's Ninth Tale of the Fifth Day, and Shakespeare's As You Like It    Whether it is Greco-Roman, Judeo-Christian, or Renaissance writing, women have always played a significant role in literature. Sometimes they act as counterparts to men, but sometimes they dominate the storyline themselves. Helen of Troy, Guildeluec, Monna Giovanna, and Rosalind, among others, prove to be just as vital characters as the men in their stories. Whether it is beauty, kindness, or strength, each one contributes significantly to the grandeur of the classic in which she is a part. Helen of Troy is perhaps one of the most famous women of all literature. It is her beauty that Paris desires, and it is her abduction by this handsome youth that brings the Greeks and Trojans to war. Helen is powerful although the Hellenic tradition stresses the importance of men's achievement. Sparking a war is quite a task for one woman to accomplish, and yet Helen in Homer's The Iliad does not play an active role as Achilles does. She is a stereotypical beautiful woman, whose physical appearance is all that counts, and her beauty becomes only a curse. As a woman, she is no more than an object of possession. Nowhere in the epic does the reader really gain insight into how she thinks or feels. In Marie de Frances' "Eliduc," Guildeluec is Eliduc's wife, or first wife, who is a devout Christian. She, as well as the story, puts great importance on the pleasing of God. The Judeo-Christian tradition is known for God's adoration rather than man's achievement. The portrayal of Guildeluec, which is rather unrealistic, adds to the story's fairy-tale style. Guildeluec is the loyal wife who waits patiently at home while her husband fights for the good of his country as well as his Lord. She waits patiently once again when he leaves to help another king since his own monarch no longer trusts him. Eliduc meets the king's daughter and falls in love, despite the fact that he has promised his wife he would never leave her. When Guildeluec realizes that her husband is in love with another woman, she not only saves this woman's life, but gives her to Eliduc as well. The fairy-tale characteristics come into play here because no woman in real life would be so kind if her husband cheated on her.